| 1 | Exercise 2.1: Debugging nameservers using dig +norec |
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| 2 | ==================================================== |
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| 3 | |
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| 4 | You do NOT need to be root to run this exercise. NOTE: it is very good |
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| 5 | practice to put a trailing dot after every hostname - this prevents the |
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| 6 | default domain from `/etc/resolv.conf` being appended. |
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| 7 | |
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| 8 | This example: testing __www.tiscali.co.uk.__ |
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| 9 | |
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| 10 | 1. Make a query starting at a root nameserver |
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| 11 | --------------------------------------------- |
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| 12 | |
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| 13 | The root servers are called `[a-m].root-servers.net.` - pick any one to |
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| 14 | start. |
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| 15 | |
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| 16 | $ dig +norec @a.root-servers.net. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 17 | |
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| 18 | ; <<>> DiG 9.3.1 <<>> +norec @a.root-servers.net. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 19 | ; (1 server found) |
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| 20 | ;; global options: printcmd |
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| 21 | ;; Got answer: |
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| 22 | ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 5252 |
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| 23 | ;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 9, ADDITIONAL: 10 |
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| 24 | |
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| 25 | ;; QUESTION SECTION: |
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| 26 | ;www.tiscali.co.uk. IN A |
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| 27 | |
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| 28 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 29 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS1.NIC.uk. |
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| 30 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS2.NIC.uk. |
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| 31 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS4.NIC.uk. |
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| 32 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS3.NIC.uk. |
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| 33 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS5.NIC.uk. |
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| 34 | uk. 172800 IN NS NSA.NIC.uk. |
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| 35 | uk. 172800 IN NS NSB.NIC.uk. |
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| 36 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS6.NIC.uk. |
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| 37 | uk. 172800 IN NS NS7.NIC.uk. |
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| 38 | |
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| 39 | ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: |
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| 40 | NS1.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 195.66.240.130 |
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| 41 | NS2.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 217.79.164.131 |
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| 42 | NS4.NIC.uk. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:630:181:35::83 |
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| 43 | NS4.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 194.83.244.131 |
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| 44 | NS3.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 213.219.13.131 |
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| 45 | NS5.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 213.246.167.131 |
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| 46 | NSA.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 204.74.112.44 |
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| 47 | NSB.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 204.74.113.44 |
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| 48 | NS6.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 213.248.254.130 |
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| 49 | NS7.NIC.uk. 172800 IN A 212.121.40.130 |
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| 50 | |
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| 51 | ;; Query time: 98 msec |
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| 52 | ;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4) |
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| 53 | ;; WHEN: Mon May 16 12:34:06 2005 |
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| 54 | ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 373 |
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| 55 | |
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| 56 | Note: We only got back NS records (plus some related information - the A |
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| 57 | records which correspond to those nameservers). This is a REFERRAL. |
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| 58 | |
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| 59 | In theory we should repeat this query for `b.root-servers.net`, |
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| 60 | `c.root-servers.net` ... and check we get the same answers. Occasionally |
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| 61 | you _might_ find inconsistencies between root servers, but it's rare. |
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| 62 | |
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| 63 | 2. Note the nine nameservers we saw in the response |
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| 64 | --------------------------------------------------- |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | (Remember that DNS names are not case sensitive. We also get them back in a |
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| 67 | random order; this doesn't matter because we are going to try every one |
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| 68 | anyway) |
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| 69 | |
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| 70 | > ns1.nic.uk. |
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| 71 | > ns2.nic.uk. |
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| 72 | > ns3.nic.uk. |
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| 73 | > ns4.nic.uk. |
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| 74 | > ns5.nic.uk. |
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| 75 | > ns6.nic.uk. |
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| 76 | > ns7.nic.uk. |
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| 77 | > nsA.nic.uk. |
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| 78 | > nsB.nic.uk. |
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| 79 | |
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| 80 | 3. Repeat the query for all NS records in turn |
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| 81 | ---------------------------------------------- |
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| 82 | |
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| 83 | $ dig +norec @ns1.nic.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 84 | |
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| 85 | ; <<>> DiG 9.3.1 <<>> +norec @ns1.nic.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 86 | ; (1 server found) |
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| 87 | ;; global options: printcmd |
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| 88 | ;; Got answer: |
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| 89 | ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 28452 |
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| 90 | ;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 1 |
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| 91 | |
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| 92 | ;; QUESTION SECTION: |
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| 93 | ;www.tiscali.co.uk. IN A |
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| 94 | |
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| 95 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 96 | tiscali.co.uk. 172800 IN NS ns0.as9105.com. |
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| 97 | tiscali.co.uk. 172800 IN NS ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 98 | |
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| 99 | ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: |
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| 100 | ns0.tiscali.co.uk. 172800 IN A 212.74.114.132 |
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| 101 | |
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| 102 | ;; Query time: 20 msec |
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| 103 | ;; SERVER: 195.66.240.130#53(195.66.240.130) |
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| 104 | ;; WHEN: Mon May 16 12:37:23 2005 |
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| 105 | ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 97 |
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| 106 | |
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| 107 | |
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| 108 | $ dig +norec @ns2.nic.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 109 | ... results snipped to save paper |
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| 110 | |
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| 111 | $ dig +norec @ns3.nic.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 112 | ... results snipped to save paper |
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| 113 | ... etc |
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| 114 | |
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| 115 | *Check the results are consistent!* |
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| 116 | |
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| 117 | Note: if a server is authoritative for both a domain and a subdomain, it |
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| 118 | will immediately return the result for the subdomain. This is OK. In this |
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| 119 | example, the same servers are authoritative for both `.uk` and `.co.uk`, |
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| 120 | so they can delegate us immediately to the servers for `tiscali.co.uk`, taking |
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| 121 | us down two levels of the DNS hierarchy in one go. |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | You can see here that we are getting another delegation, this time to two |
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| 124 | other nameservers: |
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| 125 | |
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| 126 | > ns0.as9105.com |
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| 127 | > ns0.tiscali.co.uk |
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| 128 | |
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| 129 | 4. Continue to repeat the query for all NS records found in step 3 |
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| 130 | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| 131 | |
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| 132 | $ dig +norec @ns0.tiscali.co.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 133 | |
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| 134 | ; <<>> DiG 9.3.1 <<>> +norec @ns0.tiscali.co.uk. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 135 | ; (1 server found) |
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| 136 | ;; global options: printcmd |
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| 137 | ;; Got answer: |
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| 138 | ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 35827 |
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| 139 | ;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 |
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| 140 | |
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| 141 | ;; QUESTION SECTION: |
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| 142 | ;www.tiscali.co.uk. IN A |
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| 143 | |
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| 144 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 145 | www.tiscali.co.uk. 3600 IN A 212.74.101.10 |
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| 146 | |
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| 147 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 148 | tiscali.co.uk. 3600 IN NS ns0.as9105.com. |
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| 149 | tiscali.co.uk. 3600 IN NS ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 150 | |
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| 151 | ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: |
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| 152 | ns0.as9105.com. 2419200 IN A 212.139.129.130 |
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| 153 | ns0.tiscali.co.uk. 2419200 IN A 212.74.114.132 |
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| 154 | |
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| 155 | ;; Query time: 21 msec |
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| 156 | ;; SERVER: 212.74.114.132#53(212.74.114.132) |
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| 157 | ;; WHEN: Mon May 16 12:40:00 2005 |
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| 158 | ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 129 |
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| 159 | |
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| 160 | |
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| 161 | $ dig +norec @ns0.as9105.com. www.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 162 | ... |
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| 163 | ;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 |
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| 164 | ... |
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| 165 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 166 | www.tiscali.co.uk. 3600 IN A 212.74.101.10 |
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| 167 | |
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| 168 | This time, instead of getting another delegation, we have found the answer |
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| 169 | we are looking for. Note that the nameservers are both giving authoritative |
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| 170 | answers (`flags: aa`), and the results are the same. Also note that the |
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| 171 | 'AUTHORITY SECTION' in the response has the *same* list of nameservers as we |
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| 172 | used to perform the query. (This second set of NS records are contained |
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| 173 | within the authoritative server itself, as opposed to the delegation from |
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| 174 | above) |
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| 175 | |
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| 176 | 5. Checklist |
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| 177 | ------------ |
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| 178 | |
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| 179 | * Were all the nameservers reachable? |
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| 180 | * Were there at least two nameservers on two different subnets? |
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| 181 | * Did they all give either a referral or an AA (Authoritative Answer)? |
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| 182 | * Were all the answers the same? |
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| 183 | * Were the TTL values reasonable? |
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| 184 | * Does the final list of nameservers in the AUTHORITY SECTION match the |
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| 185 | list of nameservers in the referral? |
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| 186 | |
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| 187 | 6. Now check the NS records themselves! |
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| 188 | --------------------------------------- |
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| 189 | |
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| 190 | Notice that every NS record points to the NAME of a host, not an IP |
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| 191 | address. (It is illegal for an NS record to point at an IP address, it will |
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| 192 | not work at all) |
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| 193 | |
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| 194 | However, when we issued a command like `dig @ns0.as9105.com ...`, we were |
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| 195 | relying on dig converting this name to the correct IP address. It performs a |
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| 196 | recursive lookup to find the IP address of this server, so that it can send |
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| 197 | the query there. |
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| 198 | |
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| 199 | Therefore, you need to start again and check every NS record you found, |
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| 200 | starting from the root again, in exactly the same way! This is tedious, and |
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| 201 | usually the top-level servers are right. But it's worth checking your |
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| 202 | country-level NS records and your own NS records. |
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| 203 | |
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| 204 | Example: check ns0.as9105.com |
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| 205 | |
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| 206 | $ dig +norec @a.root-servers.net. ns0.as9105.com. a |
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| 207 | ... referral to [a-m].gtld-servers.net. |
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| 208 | |
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| 209 | $ dig +norec @a.gtld-servers.net. ns0.as9105.com. a |
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| 210 | ;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 1 |
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| 211 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 212 | ns0.as9105.com. 172800 IN A 212.139.129.130 <==== |
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| 213 | |
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| 214 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 215 | as9105.com. 172800 IN NS ns0.as9105.com. |
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| 216 | as9105.com. 172800 IN NS ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 217 | |
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| 218 | Notice that here we got an answer - but it is not an authoritative answer! |
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| 219 | (As well as 'aa' missing, notice that the machine we queried is not one of |
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| 220 | the machines listed in the 'authority section') |
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| 221 | |
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| 222 | This is not an error as long as the answer is correct - it's called a "glue |
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| 223 | record" which we'll discuss later - but we need to continue downwards to |
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| 224 | find the true authoritative source: |
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| 225 | |
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| 226 | $ dig +norec @ns0.as9105.com. ns0.as9105.com. a |
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| 227 | ;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 1 |
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| 228 | |
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| 229 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 230 | ns0.as9105.com. 2419200 IN A 212.139.129.130 <==== |
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| 231 | |
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| 232 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 233 | as9105.com. 600 IN NS ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 234 | as9105.com. 600 IN NS ns0.as9105.com. |
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| 235 | |
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| 236 | ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: |
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| 237 | ns0.tiscali.co.uk. 2419200 IN A 212.74.114.132 |
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| 238 | |
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| 239 | |
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| 240 | $ dig +norec @ns0.tiscali.co.uk. ns0.as9105.com. a |
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| 241 | ;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 1 |
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| 242 | |
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| 243 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 244 | ns0.as9105.com. 2419200 IN A 212.139.129.130 <==== |
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| 245 | |
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| 246 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 247 | as9105.com. 600 IN NS ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 248 | as9105.com. 600 IN NS ns0.as9105.com. |
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| 249 | |
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| 250 | ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: |
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| 251 | ns0.tiscali.co.uk. 2419200 IN A 212.74.114.132 |
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| 252 | |
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| 253 | Now we check: |
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| 254 | |
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| 255 | * Were all the answers the same? (Yes: 212.139.129.130 from both |
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| 256 | `a.gtld-servers.net` and the authoritative nameservers) |
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| 257 | * Did the delegation match the NS records in the authoritative |
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| 258 | nameservers? (Yes: delegation to `ns0.as9105.com` and |
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| 259 | `ns0.tiscali.co.uk`, and these records were also given in the |
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| 260 | 'authority section' of the final response) |
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| 261 | |
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| 262 | Negative answers |
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| 263 | ---------------- |
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| 264 | |
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| 265 | The non-existence of a RR is an important piece of information too. The |
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| 266 | response you get should look like this: |
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| 267 | |
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| 268 | $ dig +norec @ns0.tiscali.co.uk. wibble.tiscali.co.uk. a |
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| 269 | ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 51165 |
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| 270 | ;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0 |
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| 271 | |
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| 272 | ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: |
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| 273 | tiscali.co.uk. 3600 IN SOA ns0.tiscali.co.uk. |
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| 274 | hostmaster.uk.tiscali.com. 2005051301 10800 3600 604800 3600 |
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| 275 | |
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| 276 | AA is set, but there is nothing in the answer apart from the SOA. The |
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| 277 | parameters in the SOA are used to work out how much negative caching is |
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| 278 | allowed. (Old caches use the TTL of the SOA itself; new caches uses the SOA |
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| 279 | 'minimum' value. It's best to set both to the same value. We'll look at the |
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| 280 | exact format of the SOA record shortly.) |
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| 281 | |
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| 282 | Meaning of flags (from RFC 1034/RFC 1035) |
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| 283 | ----------------------------------------- |
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| 284 | |
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| 285 | QR A one bit field that specifies whether this message is a |
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| 286 | query (0), or a response (1). |
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| 287 | |
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| 288 | AA Authoritative Answer - this bit is valid in responses, |
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| 289 | and specifies that the responding name server is an |
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| 290 | authority for the domain name in question section. |
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| 291 | |
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| 292 | RD Recursion Desired - this bit may be set in a query and |
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| 293 | is copied into the response. If RD is set, it directs |
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| 294 | the name server to pursue the query recursively. |
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| 295 | Recursive query support is optional. |
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| 296 | |
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| 297 | RA Recursion Available - this be is set or cleared in a |
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| 298 | response, and denotes whether recursive query support is |
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| 299 | available in the name server. |
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| 300 | |
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| 301 | As well as the lack of 'AA' flag, a good way to spot cached answers |
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| 302 | is to repeat the query a few times and watch the TTL counting downwards. |
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| 303 | |
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| 304 | $ dig psg.com. |
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| 305 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 306 | psg.com. 14397 IN A 147.28.0.62 |
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| 307 | ^^^^^ |
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| 308 | $ dig psg.com. |
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| 309 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: |
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| 310 | psg.com. 14384 IN A 147.28.0.62 |
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| 311 | ^^^^^ |
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