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13 | </head> |
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14 | <body> |
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15 | <div class="slide titlepage"> |
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16 | <h1 class="title">Introduction to OSPF</h1> |
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17 | <p class="author"> |
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18 | Campus Networking Workshop |
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19 | </p> |
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20 | </div> |
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21 | <div class="slide"> |
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22 | <h1 id="cisco-router-components-memory-types">Cisco router components: Memory types</h1> |
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23 | <dl> |
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24 | <dt>RAM</dt> |
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25 | <dd><p>Stores packet buffers, ARP cache, routing table, software code and data structures necessary for router operation. Running configuration and decompressed IOS code is stored in RAM</p> |
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26 | </dd> |
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27 | <dt>ROM</dt> |
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28 | <dd><p>Contains basic software for hardware testing and initialization</p> |
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29 | </dd> |
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30 | <dt>Flash</dt> |
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31 | <dd><p>Stores IOS and backup configuration files. Not volatile</p> |
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32 | </dd> |
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33 | <dt>NVRAM (non-volatile RAM)</dt> |
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34 | <dd><p>Saves router configuration</p> |
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35 | </dd> |
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36 | </dl> |
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37 | </div> |
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38 | <div class="slide"> |
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39 | <h1 id="cisco-router-components-software">Cisco router components: Software</h1> |
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40 | <dl> |
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41 | <dt>POST</dt> |
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42 | <dd><p>Power-on Self-Test. Stored in ROM. Checks basic router functions</p> |
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43 | </dd> |
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44 | <dt>Bootstrap</dt> |
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45 | <dd><p>In ROM. Initiates router and loads IOS</p> |
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46 | </dd> |
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47 | <dt>ROM Monitor</dt> |
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48 | <dd><p>In ROM. Used for tests and troubleshooting. Basic interface for troubleshooting low-level issues</p> |
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49 | </dd> |
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50 | <dt>IOS (Internetwork Operating System)</dt> |
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51 | <dd><p>Provides all of the higher-level router functionalities</p> |
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52 | </dd> |
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53 | </dl> |
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54 | </div> |
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55 | <div class="slide"> |
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56 | <h1 id="configuration-register">Configuration Register</h1> |
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57 | <ul> |
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58 | <li>Controls various low-level settings |
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59 | <ul> |
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60 | <li>Tells router to load or ignore NVRAM configuration at startup</li> |
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61 | <li>Terminal behaviour (e.g. serial speed)</li> |
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62 | </ul></li> |
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63 | <li>Current value can be seen with show version</li> |
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64 | <li>Most common settings are: |
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65 | <ul> |
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66 | <li>0x2102 - normal</li> |
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67 | <li>0x2142 - ignore configuration</li> |
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68 | </ul></li> |
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69 | </ul> |
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70 | </div> |
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71 | <div class="slide"> |
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72 | <h1 id="where-is-the-configuration">Where is the configuration?</h1> |
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73 | <ul> |
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74 | <li>Router always has two configurations |
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75 | <ul> |
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76 | <li>running-config |
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77 | <ul> |
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78 | <li>In RAM. Shows which parameters are currently in use.</li> |
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79 | <li><code>show running-config</code></li> |
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80 | <li>Modified with <code>configure terminal</code> command</li> |
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81 | </ul></li> |
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82 | <li>startup-config |
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83 | <ul> |
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84 | <li>In NVRAM. Loaded by router in next reboot</li> |
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85 | <li>This is where the running-config is saved</li> |
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86 | <li><code>show startup-config</code></li> |
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87 | </ul></li> |
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88 | </ul></li> |
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89 | </ul> |
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90 | </div> |
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91 | <div class="slide"> |
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92 | <h1 id="configuration-backups">Configuration backups</h1> |
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93 | <ul> |
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94 | <li>You can store configuration in other places |
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95 | <ul> |
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96 | <li>In routerâs Flash memory</li> |
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97 | <li>In a server, via TFTP</li> |
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98 | </ul></li> |
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99 | <li>Can be copied around with copy command |
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100 | <ul> |
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101 | <li><code>copy running-config startup-config</code> |
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102 | <ul> |
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103 | <li>or <code>write memory</code> (old style)</li> |
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104 | </ul></li> |
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105 | <li><code>copy running-config tftp</code></li> |
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106 | <li><code>copy startup-config tftp</code></li> |
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107 | <li><code>copy startup-config flash:saved-config</code></li> |
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108 | <li><code>copy flash:saved-config startup-config</code></li> |
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109 | </ul></li> |
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110 | </ul> |
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111 | </div> |
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112 | <div class="slide"> |
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113 | <h1 id="when-the-router-has-no-configuration....">When the router has no configuration....</h1> |
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114 | <ul> |
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115 | <li>It asks <code>Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:</code></li> |
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116 | <li>Just say <em>n</em> (no) |
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117 | <ul> |
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118 | <li>otherwise you get a tedious series of questions to answer</li> |
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119 | </ul></li> |
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120 | </ul> |
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121 | </div> |
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122 | <div class="slide"> |
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123 | <h1 id="access-modes">Access modes</h1> |
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124 | <ul> |
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125 | <li>User EXEC |
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126 | <ul> |
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127 | <li>Limited access. Show interface state, etc.</li> |
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128 | <li><code>Router></code></li> |
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129 | </ul></li> |
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130 | <li>Privileged EXEC (enabled mode) |
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131 | <ul> |
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132 | <li>Detailed examination, manipulate configuration and files, run tests, debugging, etc.</li> |
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133 | <li><code>Router#</code></li> |
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134 | </ul></li> |
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135 | <li>ROM Monitor |
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136 | <ul> |
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137 | <li>Password recovery and IOS installation</li> |
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138 | <li><code>rommon 1></code></li> |
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139 | </ul></li> |
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140 | </ul> |
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141 | </div> |
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142 | <div class="slide"> |
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143 | <h1 id="management-input-sources">Management input sources</h1> |
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144 | <dl> |
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145 | <dt>Console</dt> |
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146 | <dd>Direct access via serial port |
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147 | </dd> |
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148 | <dt>Auxiliary Port</dt> |
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149 | <dd>Access via Modem |
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150 | </dd> |
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151 | <dt>Virtual Terminals (VTY)</dt> |
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152 | <dd>Telnet/SSH |
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153 | </dd> |
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154 | </dl> |
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155 | </div> |
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156 | <div class="slide"> |
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157 | <h1 id="changing-the-configuration">Changing the configuration</h1> |
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158 | <ul> |
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159 | <li>Commands are activated immediately</li> |
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160 | <li>Be careful when typing!</li> |
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161 | <li>When working on serial console or via Telnet or SSH, commands can be copied from a text file and pasted into the terminal</li> |
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162 | </ul> |
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163 | </div> |
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164 | <div class="slide"> |
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165 | <h1 id="changing-the-configuration-contd">Changing the configuration (contd)</h1> |
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166 | <pre><code>router> |
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167 | router>enable |
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168 | ... type password ... |
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169 | router# |
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170 | router# configure terminal |
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171 | router(config)# |
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172 | ... type commands ... |
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173 | router(config)# end |
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174 | router# write memory |
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175 | </code></pre> |
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176 | </div> |
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177 | <div class="slide"> |
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178 | <h1 id="how-to-tell-where-you-are">How to tell where you are</h1> |
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179 | <pre><code>Router> - USER EXEC |
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180 | Router# - PRVILEDGED EXEC |
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181 | Router(config) - Global configuration |
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182 | Router(config-if) - Interface configuration |
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183 | Router(config-subif) - Sub-interface configuration |
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184 | Router(config-route-map) - Route-map configuration |
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185 | Router(config-router) - Routing protocol configuration |
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186 | Router(config-line) - Line configuration |
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187 | rommon 1> - ROM Monitor |
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188 | </code></pre> |
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189 | </div> |
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190 | <div class="slide"> |
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191 | <h1 id="context-help">Context Help</h1> |
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192 | <ul> |
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193 | <li><p>Use "?" to obtain a list of commands available in your current configuration mode</p> |
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194 | <pre><code>Router(config)#? |
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195 | Configure commands: |
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196 | aaa Authentication, Authorization and Accounting. |
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197 | aal2-profile Configure AAL2 profile |
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198 | access-list Add an access list entry |
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199 | alarm-interface Configure a specific Alarm Interface Card |
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200 | alias Create command alias |
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201 | appfw Configure the Application Firewall policy |
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202 | application Define application |
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203 | archive Archive the configuration |
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204 | arp Set a static ARP entry |
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205 | ... |
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206 | </code></pre></li> |
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207 | </ul> |
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208 | </div> |
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209 | <div class="slide"> |
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210 | <h1 id="online-help">Online help</h1> |
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211 | <ul> |
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212 | <li><p>Use "?" also to see all possible parameters to an incomplete command:</p> |
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213 | <pre><code><Router(config)#username ? |
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214 | WORD User name |
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215 | Router#show ? |
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216 | aaa Show AAA values |
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217 | aal2 Show commands for AAL2 |
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218 | access-expression List access expression |
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219 | access-lists List access lists |
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220 | accounting Accounting data for active sessions |
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221 | ... |
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222 | </code></pre></li> |
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223 | </ul> |
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224 | </div> |
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225 | <div class="slide"> |
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226 | <h1 id="command-completion">Command completion</h1> |
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227 | <ul> |
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228 | <li><p>Use the Tab key to complete a command</p> |
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229 | <pre><code>router(config)#int<TAB> |
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230 | router(config)#interface et<TAB> |
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231 | router(config)#interface ethernet 0 |
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232 | router(config-if)#ip add<TAB> |
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233 | router(config-if)#ip address n.n.n.n m.m.m.m |
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234 | </code></pre></li> |
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235 | <li><p>You can just type the abbreviated form if it's unambigious</p></li> |
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236 | </ul> |
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237 | <pre><code>router(config)#int e 0 |
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238 | router(config-if)#ip add n.n.n.n m.m.m.m |
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239 | </code></pre> |
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240 | </div> |
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241 | <div class="slide"> |
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242 | <h1 id="moving-faster-around-the-command-line">Moving faster around the command line</h1> |
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243 | <ul> |
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244 | <li>Move within command history |
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245 | <ul> |
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246 | <li>[Cursor Up] - Previous command</li> |
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247 | <li>[Cursor Down] - Next command</li> |
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248 | </ul></li> |
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249 | <li>Line editing |
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250 | <ul> |
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251 | <li>[Cursor Left] and [Right] - move within the line</li> |
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252 | <li>Ctrl-a : move to beginning of line</li> |
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253 | <li>Ctrl-e : move to end of line</li> |
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254 | <li>Ctrl-k : delete until end of line</li> |
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255 | </ul></li> |
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256 | </ul> |
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257 | </div> |
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258 | <div class="slide"> |
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259 | <h1 id="verifying-and-troubleshooting">Verifying and troubleshooting</h1> |
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260 | <pre><code>show running-config |
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261 | show run interface f0/0 |
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262 | show ip int brief |
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263 | debug ip ospf hello / events / adj |
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264 | show log |
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265 | show version |
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266 | </code></pre> |
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267 | </div> |
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268 | </body> |
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269 | </html> |
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