Agenda: Layer2-lab.txt

% Layer 2 Network Design Lab

\pagebreak

# Part 1

## Introduction

The purpose of these exercises is to build Layer 2 (switched) networks
utilizing the concepts explained in today's design presentations. Students
will see how star topology, aggregation, virtual LANs, Spanning Tree
Protocol, etc. are put to work.

There will be 5 groups of students, with 6 switches per group.  The
distribution of IP address space for the building (Layer 2) networks will be
as follows:

Group   IPv4 Block        IPv6 Block        
-----   -------------     --------------    
1       10.110.0.0/16      fd00:110::/32
2       10.120.0.0/16      fd00:120::/32
3       10.130.0.0/16      fd00:130::/32
4       10.140.0.0/16      fd00:140::/32
5       10.150.0.0/16      fd00:150::/32

Each group will then further partition their space like this:

IPv4                 IPv6                    Description
--------------       -----------------       -----------------------------
10.1X0.1.0/24        fd00:1X0:1:1::/64       Core Network
10.1X0.10.0/24       fd00:1X0:a::/64         Router Loopback Subnet
10.1X0.64.0/24       fd00:1X0:2:64::/64      ECS Data Subnet (VLAN 64)
10.1X0.65.0/24       fd00:1X0:2:65::/64      ECS VOIP Subnet (VLAN 65)
10.1X0.254.0/24      fd00:1X0:2:FE::/64      ECS MGMT Subnet (VLAN 254)
10.1X0.74.0/24       fd00:1X0:2:74::/64      LIB Data Subnet (VLAN 74)
10.1X0.75.0/24       fd00:1X0:2:75::/64      LIB VOIP Subnet (VLAN 75)
10.1X0.255.0/24      fd00:1X0:2:FF::/64      LIB MGMT Subnet (VLAN 255)

With X being your group number (1,2,3,4,5)

### Using private address space

We are using private address space for the exercises - we recommend
using public address space in campus networks wherever possible.

### Switch types used in the lab

Cisco 3725 with 16 Port 10BaseT/100BaseTX EtherSwitch (NM-16ESW) module

*Note: This Cisco model is actually a router, but the 16-port module provides
basic Layer-2 capabilities, and we will use these as switches. Dynamips does 
not support the emulation of the Cisco Catalyst class of switches, unfortunately.*

\pagebreak

## Hierarchical, redundant network

![Lab topology](SwitchingLab.png)

Our building network consists of two backbone switches each with two edge
switches. The backbone switches connect to the core of our campus network
and serve as aggregation points for all the edge switches. Edge switches serve
the end users. Each edge switch has a connection to its backbone switch.

Switches BB11, SW11 and SW12 are used to represent one campus
department, Engineering and Computer Science, and switches BB12, SW13
and SW14 represent the Library. We will also use the abbreviations ECS and
LIB in the notes.

### Lab access instructions

Refer to the file called [dynamips-access-instructions.txt]()

## Basic Switch Configuration

We've set up the switches in the lab with a very basic setup:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
hostname BB11
!
aaa new-model
aaa authentication login default local
aaa authentication enable default enable
aaa session-id common
!
no logging console
logging buffered 8192 debugging
ipv6 unicast-routing   
no ip domain-lookup

username nsrc secret nsrc
enable secret nsrc
service password-encryption

line con 0
  exec-timeout 0 0
  transport preferred none
  stopbits 1
line aux 0
  exec-timeout 0 0
  stopbits 1
line vty 0 4
  transport preferred none
  exec-timeout 0 0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You could have used these instructions to configure each switch:

1. Name the switch

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    enable
    config terminal
    hostname <NAME>
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Configure Authentication

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    aaa new-model
    aaa authentication login default local
    aaa authentication enable default enable
    aaa session-id common
    username nsrc secret nsrc
    enable secret nsrc
    service password-encryption
    line vty 0 4
      transport preferred none
    line console 0
      transport preferred none
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3. Configure logging

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    no logging console
    logging buffered 8192 debugging
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. Disable DNS resolution

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    no ip domain-lookup
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5. Turn on IPv6

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    ipv6 unicast-routing   
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

6. Exit configuration mode and save 

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    end
    write memory
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


### IP Address Configuration

1. Assign each switch different IP addresses as follows:

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    int vlan 1
      ip address 10.1X0.33.Y 255.255.255.0
      ipv6 address fd00:1X0:2:33::Y/64
      no shut
    end
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Replace the "X" with your group number and replace "Y" like this:

     ECS switches:
     
     BBX1: 10.1X0.33.4 and fd00:1X0:2:33::4
     SWX1: 10.1X0.33.6 and fd00:1X0:2:33::5
     SWX2: 10.1X0.33.7 and fd00:1X0:2:33::6

     LIB switches:
     
     BBX2: 10.1X0.33.5 and fd00:1X0:2:33::7
     SWX3: 10.1X0.33.8 and fd00:1X0:2:33::8
     SWX4: 10.1X0.33.9 and fd00:1X0:2:33::9

Verify connectivity by pinging each switch. Do not continue until you
can ping each switch from every other switch in the group.

HINT: If ping fails, but the configuration seems OK, try doing the following:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
int vlan 1
 shutdown
 no shutdown
end
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(this is not normal, but most likely a bug in the IOS code somewhere)

## Spanning Tree Protocol

### STP Status

Run the following commands on each switch and pay close attention to the output:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show spanning-tree brief
show spanning-tree blockedports
show spanning-tree
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

a. What is the priority on each switch?

b. Which switch is the root? Why?

c. Which ports are blocked? Why?

### STP Configuration

1. Configure the STP priorities explicitly for each switch, according
to the plan in Appendix A. 

For example, on BB11:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BB11(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 12288
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Verify:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show spannning-tree brief
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Why is it so important to set the priorities explicitly?

### Disabling STP

We are now going to disable spanning tree to see what effect it has.

*WARNING: Disabling spanning tree has a significant effect on the Dynamips
server's CPU load. For this reason, we cannot have all groups disable 
spanning tree at the same time. We will take turns.*


 **ASK THE INSTRUCTOR BEFORE DISABLING STP!!!**


When you get the go-ahead from the instructor, execute the following
on each of the LIB switches:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
no spanning-tree vlan 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Can the switches ping each other reliably now? Why?

Watch the port counters on the inter-switch links. 
 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show interfaces stats
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

What happens with the counters of the connected interfaces?
What is going on?

Very quickly enable STP again on all switches:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree vlan 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

### Simulate a backbone failure

1. Disconnect BBX1 from the rest of the network:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface range fastEthernet 1/13 - 15
 shutdown
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

While it is cut off from the rest, verify spanning tree status on the 
other switches.

a. Who is the root now?

b. Verify port roles and status.  Verify connectivity with ping.

2. Reconnect BBX1:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface range fastEthernet 1/13 - 15
 no shutdown
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

What happens to the spanning tree when the switch comes back online?

# Part 2

## VLANs

We now want to segment the network to separate end-user traffic from VOIP and
network management traffic. Each of these segments will be a separate subnet.

### Configure the switches with separate DATA, VOIP and MGMT VLANs for
ECS and LIB.

VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a proprietary Cisco technology that allows
for dynamic VLAN provisioning. We will not use it here.

1. Disable VTP by setting it to 'transparent mode':

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
vtp mode transparent
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Add the VLANs to the VLAN database and give them names to better identify them:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
vlan 64
 name ECS DATA
vlan 65
 name ECS VOIP
vlan 254
 name ECS MGMT
 
vlan 74
 name LIB DATA
vlan 75
 name LIB VOIP
vlan 255
 name LIB MGMT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3. Move the IP address to the MGMT vlan (notice the new subnet octets
"254" and "255"):

On the ECS switches BB11, SW11 and SW12:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface vlan 1
 no ip address
 no ipv6 address
interface vlan 254
 ip address 10.1X0.254.Y 255.255.255.0
 ipv6 address fd00:1X0:2:254::Y
ip default-gateway 10.1X0.254.2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On the LIB switches BB12, SW13 and SW14:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface vlan 1
 no ip address
 no ipv6 address
interface vlan 255
 ip address 10.1X0.255.Y 255.255.255.0
 ipv6 address fd00:1X0:2:255::Y
ip default-gateway 10.1X0.255.2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Verify connectivity between switches. Can you ping? What's missing?

4. Configure trunk ports. Do the following for each port that needs
to tag VLAN frames:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface FastEthernet1/14
 switchport mode trunk
 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Note: Check Figure 1 to see which ports you need to modify. BBX1 and 
BBX2 are each connected to the RX2 router on Fast1/0. This port also needs 
to be a trunk.

Try pinging within the ECS and LIB switches again. It should work now.

5. Designate 5 edge ports for each ECS DATA and VOIP VLAN access:

On SWX1 and SWX2 only:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface range Fast1/1 - 5
 switchport mode access
 switchport access vlan 64
!
interface range Fast1/6 - 10
 switchport mode access
 switchport access vlan 65
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Designate 5 edge ports for each LIB DATA and VOIP VLAN access:

On SWX3 and SWX4 only:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface range Fast1/1 - 5
 switchport mode access
 switchport access vlan 74
!
interface range Fast1/6 - 10
 switchport mode access
 switchport access vlan 75
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Verify which ports are members or trunks of each vlan:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show vlan-switch id <VLAN ID>
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Imagine that there are computers connected to the DATA vlan. Would they be able
to ping the switch? Explain your response.

## Verify the Spanning Tree status

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show spanning-tree brief
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Notice the root and bridge priorities on each VLAN (1,64,65,74,75,254,255). Are they the same?

This is called "Per-VLAN spanning tree", or PVST. This means that the switches are
creating 7 separate trees, each with its own parameters, status,
calculations, etc.

Use the commands in Appendix B to Configure PVST Priorities and check the root and bridge
priorities again.

*Note: Imagine if you had several hundred VLANs! This is certainly not ideal. There are 
better standards, like "Multiple Spanning Tree" (MST), that allow the administrator 
to create only the desired number of trees, and map groups of VLANs to each tree.
Unfortunately, this Cisco device does not support MST.* 

## STP Extended Features

### PortFast

PortFast is a feature that allows end-user stations to be granted instant access
to the L2 network. Instead of starting at the bottom of the Blocking-Listening-
Learning-Forwarding hierarchy of states (30 seconds!), Portfast starts at the top. 
The port starts in Forwarding state, and if a loop is detected, STP does all its 
calculations and blocks the necessary ports. This feature should only be applied 
to ports that connect end-user stations.

1. Configure end-user ports to be in PortFast mode:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface range fast1/1 - 10
 spanning-tree portfast
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

### BPDUGuard

With PortFast, end-user ports still participate in STP. That means that anything
connected to those ports can send BPDUs and participate in (and affect the status of)
the spanning tree calculations. For example, if the device connected to the edge port 
is configured with a lower bridge priority, it becomes the root switch and the tree 
topology becomes suboptimal.

Another useful Cisco feature that avoids this situation is BPDUGuard. At the reception 
of BPDUs, the BPDU guard operation disables the port that has PortFast configured.

1. Enable BPDUGuard on all ports with PortFast enabled:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree portfast bpduguard
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## Port Bundling

We now want more capacity and link redundancy between a backbone and
an edge switch.

1. Configure a Port Channel between BBX1 and SWX1:

On each switch:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface port-channel 1
 description description BBX1-SWX1 aggregate link
!
interface range fast1/13 - 14
 channel-group 1 mode on
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Verify the status:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show interface port-channel 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

What capacity do you have now on the new trunk? 
Hint: Look for the line that says BW ... Kbit/sec

3. Disable one of the ports in the bundle. 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface fast 1/13
 shutdown
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Is the channel still up? 

4. Enable it again:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
interface fast 1/13
 no shutdown
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*Note: There is a standard protocol for port bundling. It's called "LACP" 
(Link Aggregation Control Protocol). This particular Cisco device does
not support LACP, so these port channels are actually using a proprietary
Cisco protocol called "EtherChannel". All modern switches support LACP, so
we strongly recommend using it, instead of any proprietary versions.*

\pagebreak

# Reference

## Appendix A - Spanning Tree Configuration

Refer to this priority table below for the appropriate priorities on each
switch. 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Priority   Description               Notes
--------   -----------------------   --------------------------------------
0          Core Node                 The core switches/routers will not be
                                     participating in STP... reserved in
                                     case they ever are

4096       Redundant Core Node       Ditto
                                 

8192       Reserved

12288      **Building Backbone**

16384      Redundant Backbones

20480      Secondary Backbone        This is for building complexes, where
                                     there are separate building (secondary)
                                     backbones that terminate at the complex
                                     backbone.

24576      **Access Switches**       This is the normal edge-device priority

28672      Access Switches           Used for access switches that are
                                     daisy-chained from another access switch.
                                     We're using this terminology instead of
                                     "aggregation switch" because it's hard to
                                     define when a switch stops being an
                                     access switch and becomes an
                                     aggregation switch.
 
32768      Default                        No managed network devices should have
                                     this priority.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table: Priority Table


\pagebreak


## Appendix B - Configuring PVST priorities

Configure BBX1 as the root switch for VLANs 64, 65 and 254 and BBX2 as the root switch
for VLANs 74, 75 and 255.

On BBX1:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree vlan 64 priority 12288
spanning-tree vlan 65 priority 12288
spanning-tree vlan 254 priority 12288
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On BBX2:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree vlan 74 priority 12288
spanning-tree vlan 75 priority 12288
spanning-tree vlan 255 priority 12288
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On SWX1 and SWX2, the priorities are the same on every VLAN: 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree vlan 64 priority 24576
spanning-tree vlan 65 priority 24576
spanning-tree vlan 255 priority 24576
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

On SWX3 and SWX4, the priorities are the same on every VLAN: 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
spanning-tree vlan 74 priority 24576
spanning-tree vlan 75 priority 24576
spanning-tree vlan 255 priority 24576
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Verify that the root switch is the correct one in all cases:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
show spanning-tree brief
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~